कश्मीर का प्राचीन इतिहास। Ancient History of Kashmir.
कश्मीर के इतिहास की जानकारी "कल्हण" द्वारा रचित "राजतरंगिणी" के काव्य रचनाओं को अध्ययन के माध्यम प्राप्त किया जा सकता हैं। इसकी रचना संस्कृत भाषा में किया गया है।
The history of Kashmir can be obtained through the study of the poetic compositions of "Rajatarangini" composed by "Kalhan". It has been composed in Sanskrit language.
The history of Kashmir can be obtained through the study of the poetic compositions of "Rajatarangini" composed by "Kalhan". It has been composed in Sanskrit language.
इस काव्य रचना में 8 अध्याय और कुल 7826 श्लोक हैं, लगभग 1147 ईसवीं से 1149 ईसवीं के अवधि में रचित किया गया था। इंग्लिश में राजतरंगिणी का अनुवाद औरेल स्टीन ने करवाया था।
This poetic composition has 8 chapters and a total of 7826 verses, composed in the period from about 1147 AD to 1149 AD. Rajarangini was translated into English by Aurel Stein.
This poetic composition has 8 chapters and a total of 7826 verses, composed in the period from about 1147 AD to 1149 AD. Rajarangini was translated into English by Aurel Stein.
राजतरंगिणी का शाब्दिक अर्थ हैं "राजाओं की नदी से हैं, आठ अध्यायों को तरंग माना गया हैं।अर्थात आठ तरंगों में राज्य करने वाले राजाओं के वंश के शासन काल के बारे में बताया गया हैं"। राजतरंगिणी के अनुसार कश्मीर का नाम "कश्यपमेरू" था।
Rajatarangini literally means "from the river of kings, eight chapters are considered to be waves. That is to say the reign of the dynasty of kings who ruled in eight waves". According to Rajatarangini the name of Kashmir was "Kashyapameru".
Rajatarangini literally means "from the river of kings, eight chapters are considered to be waves. That is to say the reign of the dynasty of kings who ruled in eight waves". According to Rajatarangini the name of Kashmir was "Kashyapameru".
कश्मीर समय के साथ धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक प्रभावों से प्रभावित हुआ, जिससे यहां के तीन मुख्य धर्म स्थापित हुए - हिन्दू, बौद्ध और इस्लाम। इनके अलावा सिख धर्म के अनुयायी भी बहुत मिलते हैं।
Kashmir was influenced over time by religious and cultural influences, which established three main religions here- Hindu, Buddhist and Islam. Apart from these, followers of Sikhism also meet a lot.
Kashmir was influenced over time by religious and cultural influences, which established three main religions here- Hindu, Buddhist and Islam. Apart from these, followers of Sikhism also meet a lot.
कश्मीर के संबंध में नीलमत पुराण में कहा गया हैं कि कल्प के आरंभ में कई सौ फीट गहरी सतीसर नामक झील थी जिसमें जलोद्भव नामक एक राक्षस रहता था। उसने झील के नागों को आतंकित किया हुआ था।
In relation to Kashmir, the Neelmat Purana states that at the beginning of Kalpa there was a lake called Satisar several hundred feet deep in which a demon named Jalodbhava lived. He terrorized the snakes of the lake.
In relation to Kashmir, the Neelmat Purana states that at the beginning of Kalpa there was a lake called Satisar several hundred feet deep in which a demon named Jalodbhava lived. He terrorized the snakes of the lake.
सातवें मनु के समय नागकुल के गुरु कश्यप मुनि जब हिमालय की तीर्थयात्रा पर आये तो उन्होंने जलोद्भव के अत्याचारों के बारे में ब्रह्मा से शिकायत की।
At the time of the seventh Manu, when Guru Kashyap Muni of Nagkul came on a pilgrimage to the Himalayas, he complained to Brahma about the atrocities of Jalodbhava.
At the time of the seventh Manu, when Guru Kashyap Muni of Nagkul came on a pilgrimage to the Himalayas, he complained to Brahma about the atrocities of Jalodbhava.
ब्रह्मा के आदेश पर देवताओं ने झील को घेर लिया। लेकिन जलोद्भव को यह वरदान प्राप्त था कि जब तक वह जल में रहेगा, उसे कोई मार नहीं सकेगा।
On the orders of Brahma, the gods surrounded the lake. But Jaldobhav had the blessing that as long as he lived in water, no one could kill him.
On the orders of Brahma, the gods surrounded the lake. But Jaldobhav had the blessing that as long as he lived in water, no one could kill him.
जलोद्भव को जल से बाहर करने के लिए विष्णु ने अपने बड़े भाई बलभद्र को बुलाया और उन्होंने अपने हल से झील के चारों तरफ स्थित बारामूला (वाराह मूल) की पहाड़ियों में एक गोल छेद बना दिया जिससे झील का सारा पानी बह गया।
Vishnu summoned his elder brother Balabhadra to get Jalodbhava out of the water and he made a round hole in the hills of Baramulla (Varah Moola) situated around the lake with his plow which washed away all the water of the lake.
Vishnu summoned his elder brother Balabhadra to get Jalodbhava out of the water and he made a round hole in the hills of Baramulla (Varah Moola) situated around the lake with his plow which washed away all the water of the lake.
इसके बाद विष्णु ने अपने चक्र से जलोद्भव की गर्दन काट दी और कश्यप मुनि इस सूखी स्थान पर निवास करने लगें।
कश्मीर का नाम (पहले कश्यपमेरू, फिर कश्मार और कश्मीर) इन्हीं कश्यप ऋषि के नाम पर पड़ा।
After this Vishnu cut off the neck of Jalodbhava with his chakra and Kashyapa Muni started living in this dry place. the name of Kashmir (first Kashyapameru, then Kashmir and Kashmir) was named after these Kashyapa sages.
After this Vishnu cut off the neck of Jalodbhava with his chakra and Kashyapa Muni started living in this dry place. the name of Kashmir (first Kashyapameru, then Kashmir and Kashmir) was named after these Kashyapa sages.
आश्चर्यजनक है कि भू विज्ञानियों ने अपने शोध में पाया कि वास्तव में यहाँ एक बड़ी झील थी जो बर्फ युग के बाद के एक बड़े भूकंप में पहाड़ों के धँसने से हुए छिद्र से बह गई और यह हरी-भरी घाटी अस्तित्व में आई। श्रीनगर के पास हुई एक खुदाई में यहाँ पर 2000 वर्ष पहले मनुष्यों के निवास के अपुष्ट प्रमाण मिले हैं।
Surprisingly, the geologists found in their research that there was indeed a large lake here which swept through the hole caused by the sinking of the mountains in a major earthquake after the ice age and this green valley came into existence. An excavation near Srinagar has found unconfirmed evidence of human habitation here 2000 years ago.
Surprisingly, the geologists found in their research that there was indeed a large lake here which swept through the hole caused by the sinking of the mountains in a major earthquake after the ice age and this green valley came into existence. An excavation near Srinagar has found unconfirmed evidence of human habitation here 2000 years ago.
नाग, पिशाच और यक्ष यहाँ के सबसे पहले निवासी माने जाते हैं जिसके बाद खस, डार, भट्ट, डामर, निषाद, तान्त्रिन आदि लोगो ने प्रवेश किया।
Snakes, vampires and yakshas are considered to be the first inhabitants here, after which people like Khas, Dar, Bhatt, Asphalt, Nishad, Tantrin etc. entered.
Snakes, vampires and yakshas are considered to be the first inhabitants here, after which people like Khas, Dar, Bhatt, Asphalt, Nishad, Tantrin etc. entered.
नीलमत पुराण की इस कहानी का एक आधार 800 ईसा पूर्व आये आर्यों और स्थानीय निवासियों के बीच का संघर्ष भी हो सकता है। संभव है कि लोहे का उपयोग सीख चुके आर्यों ने पत्थरों में छेद कर झील को सुखा दिया हो और नागों का वहां रहना मुश्किल कर इलाक़े पर अपना कब्ज़ा कर लिया हो। नाग क़बीले के लोग सांस्कृतिक रूप से बेहद समृद्ध थे।
The basis of this story of Neelmat Purana can also be the conflict between the Aryans and the local inhabitants of 800 BC. It is possible that the Aryans, who have learned the use of iron, have dried the lake by piercing in stones and have occupied the area by making it difficult for the serpents to stay there. The people of the Nag clan were culturally rich.
The basis of this story of Neelmat Purana can also be the conflict between the Aryans and the local inhabitants of 800 BC. It is possible that the Aryans, who have learned the use of iron, have dried the lake by piercing in stones and have occupied the area by making it difficult for the serpents to stay there. The people of the Nag clan were culturally rich.
सांख्य दर्शन के प्रणेता कपिल इसी वंश के थे। यह भी माना जाता है कि प्रसिद्ध बौद्ध विद्वान नागार्जुन और नागबुधि भी नाग वंश से ही ताल्लुक रखते थे।
Kapila, the pioneer of Sankhya philosophy, was of this dynasty. It is also believed that the famous Buddhist scholars Nagarjuna and Nagabudhi also belonged to the Naga dynasty itself.
Kapila, the pioneer of Sankhya philosophy, was of this dynasty. It is also believed that the famous Buddhist scholars Nagarjuna and Nagabudhi also belonged to the Naga dynasty itself.
कश्मीर के इन मूल निवासियों ने आर्यों के आने के बाद अपनी हार के साथ-साथ वैदिक धर्म अपना लिया और बाद में जब बौद्ध धर्म आया तो इनमें से अधिकाँश ने बौद्ध धर्म अपनाया।
These original inhabitants of Kashmir adopted Vedic religion along with their defeat after the arrival of the Aryans and later when Buddhism came, most of them adopted Buddhism.
These original inhabitants of Kashmir adopted Vedic religion along with their defeat after the arrival of the Aryans and later when Buddhism came, most of them adopted Buddhism.
जबकि कल्हण के अनुसार गोनंद, “कृष्ण” के समकालीन थे। और उनके शत्रु मगध के राजा जरासंध का रिश्तेदार कृष्ण के ख़िलाफ़ युद्ध में उसने जरासंध का साथ दिया और मारा गया। उसके बाद कश्मीर का सिंहासन उसके पुत्र दामोदर को मिला।
जब उसने सुना कि यादव उसके राज्य के निकट गांधार में स्वयंवर में भाग लेने आ रहे हैं तो वह अपने पिता की मृत्यु का बदला लेने निकल पड़ा।
While Gonanda, according to Kalhan, was a contemporary of "Krishna". And in the war against Krishna, a relative of King Jarasandh of Magadha, his enemy, he supported Jarasandha and was killed. Then his son Damodar got the throne of Kashmir.
When he heard that Yadav was coming to participate in the Swayamvara at Gandhara near his kingdom, he set out to avenge his father's death.
While Gonanda, according to Kalhan, was a contemporary of "Krishna". And in the war against Krishna, a relative of King Jarasandh of Magadha, his enemy, he supported Jarasandha and was killed. Then his son Damodar got the throne of Kashmir.
When he heard that Yadav was coming to participate in the Swayamvara at Gandhara near his kingdom, he set out to avenge his father's death.
अंततः कृष्ण ने सुदर्शन चक्र से उसकी गर्दन उड़ा दी। उस समय उसकी पत्नी यशोवती गर्भवती थी और दरबारियों ने उसे रानी मानने से इंकार कर दिया, तब कृष्ण ने स्वयं हस्तक्षेप कर कहा कि “कश्मीर की धरती पार्वती है ; इसलिए इसका राजा स्वयं शिव का एक अंश है. उसका अपमान किसी हाल में नहीं होना चाहिए, तब भी नहीं जब वह बुद्धिमान व्यक्तियों के कल्याण में बाधा उत्पन्न करे” फिर समय आने पर रानी ने पुत्र को जन्म दिया और वह गोनंद द्वितीय के नाम से कृष्ण ने राजा बनाया।
Krishna eventually beheaded him with the Sudarshan Chakra. At that time his wife Yashovati was pregnant and the courtiers refused to accept her as queen, then Krishna himself intervened saying that “the earth of Kashmir is Parvati; Therefore its king is a part of Shiva himself. He should not be insulted in any way, even when he obstructs the welfare of intelligent persons. ”Then in due time, the queen gave birth to a son and he was made king by the name of Gonanda II.
Krishna eventually beheaded him with the Sudarshan Chakra. At that time his wife Yashovati was pregnant and the courtiers refused to accept her as queen, then Krishna himself intervened saying that “the earth of Kashmir is Parvati; Therefore its king is a part of Shiva himself. He should not be insulted in any way, even when he obstructs the welfare of intelligent persons. ”Then in due time, the queen gave birth to a son and he was made king by the name of Gonanda II.
जब कौरव पांडव युद्ध हुआ तो अपने अल्पवय के कारण उसे किसी भी पक्ष से लड़ने के लिए आमंत्रित नहीं किया गया। महाभारत काल से कश्मीर का इतिहास मिलता हैं
When the Kaurava Pandava War took place, he was not invited to fight from any side due to his shortness. History of Kashmir is found from Mahabharata period
When the Kaurava Pandava War took place, he was not invited to fight from any side due to his shortness. History of Kashmir is found from Mahabharata period
कल्हण द्वारा लिखी गई “राजतरंगिणी” कश्मीर के राजवंशों और राजाओं का प्रमाणिक उल्लेख किया है जिसमें उन्होंने राजा गोनंद से लेकर अपने समकालीन राजा विजयसिम्हा तक का कालानुक्रमिक वर्णन दर्ज किया है।
The "Rajatarangini" written by Kalhan mentions the dynasties and kings of Kashmir in which he has recorded a chronological account from King Gonanda to his contemporary King Vijayasimha.
The "Rajatarangini" written by Kalhan mentions the dynasties and kings of Kashmir in which he has recorded a chronological account from King Gonanda to his contemporary King Vijayasimha.
पंद्रहवीं सदी में जोनाराजा ने “द्वितीय राजतरंगिणी” लिखी। जोनाराजा की मृत्यु के बाद उनके काम को उनके शिष्य पंडित श्रीवर ने 1486 में फाह शाह के गद्दीनशीन होने तक बढ़ाया। इसके बाद प्राज्ञ भट्ट ने “राजावलीपतक” लिखी जो 1588 में अकबर के आधिपत्य तक का इतिहास है।
In the fifteenth century Jonaraja wrote "Second Rajatarangini". After the death of Jonaraja, his work was extended by his disciple Pandit Shriver in 1486 until Fah Shah's accession. After this, Pragya Bhatt wrote "Rajavalipatak" which is a history till the occupation of Akbar in 1588.
In the fifteenth century Jonaraja wrote "Second Rajatarangini". After the death of Jonaraja, his work was extended by his disciple Pandit Shriver in 1486 until Fah Shah's accession. After this, Pragya Bhatt wrote "Rajavalipatak" which is a history till the occupation of Akbar in 1588.
कश्मीर का प्रमाणिक इतिहास मौर्य वंश के प्रसिद्ध सम्राट अशोक (273 से 232 ईसापूर्व) के कश्मीर पर अधिकार से आरम्भ होता हैं। कल्हण बताते हैं कि उसने ही 96 लाख घरों वाले भव्य श्रीनगरी को बसाया और वितस्त तथा सुस्क्लेत्र में बौद्ध विहारों का निर्माण कराया। उसने पाटलिपुत्र में हुए महासंगीति (महासभा) ने मझ्झंतिका के नेतृत्व में पांच सौ बौद्ध भिक्षुओं को कश्मीर और गांधार में बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार के लिए भेजा था। अशोक के बाद वहां शासन में आये उसके पुत्र की आस्था शैव धर्म में थी।
The authentic history of Kashmir begins with the authority of Ashoka (273 to 232 BCE) of the famous Maurya dynasty over Kashmir. Kalhan says that it was he who built the magnificent Srinagar with 96 lakh houses and built Buddhist viharas in Vistasta and Suskletra. The Mahasangiti (Mahasabha) at Pataliputra sent five hundred Buddhist monks under the leadership of Majhjantika to propagate Buddhism in Kashmir and Gandhara. His son, who came to rule there after Ashoka, had faith in Shaivism.
The authentic history of Kashmir begins with the authority of Ashoka (273 to 232 BCE) of the famous Maurya dynasty over Kashmir. Kalhan says that it was he who built the magnificent Srinagar with 96 lakh houses and built Buddhist viharas in Vistasta and Suskletra. The Mahasangiti (Mahasabha) at Pataliputra sent five hundred Buddhist monks under the leadership of Majhjantika to propagate Buddhism in Kashmir and Gandhara. His son, who came to rule there after Ashoka, had faith in Shaivism.
कश्मीर में राज्याश्रित बौद्ध धर्म की वापसी कुषाण वंश के शासक कनिष्क के शासन काल में हुई। कनिष्क इस वंश का चौथा शासक था, जिसका शासन बंगाल से ओक्जस नदी तक विस्तृत था। उसने न केवल एक विस्तृत भूभाग में अपना राज्य स्थापित किया बल्कि कई महत्त्वपूर्ण निर्माण भी कराये।
The return of royalist Buddhism to Kashmir dates back to the reign of Kanishka, the ruler of the Kushan dynasty. Kanishka was the fourth ruler of this dynasty, whose rule extended from Bengal to the Oxus River. He not only established his kingdom over a wide area, but also did many important constructions.
The return of royalist Buddhism to Kashmir dates back to the reign of Kanishka, the ruler of the Kushan dynasty. Kanishka was the fourth ruler of this dynasty, whose rule extended from Bengal to the Oxus River. He not only established his kingdom over a wide area, but also did many important constructions.
कनिष्क ने सर्वस्तिवाद की विभिन्न पुस्तकों और यत्र तत्र फैले विचारों को एक साथ रखकर उसका व्यापक आधार निर्मित करने के उद्देश्य से श्रीनगर के कुंडल वन विहार में प्रसिद्ध बौद्ध विद्वान वसुमित्र की अध्यक्षता में सर्वस्तिवाद परम्परा की चौथी बौद्ध महासंगीति का आयोजन किया। जिसमें सर्वस्तिवाद के तीन प्रमुख ग्रन्थ लिखे गए। इनमें से एक “महा विभास शास्त्र” अब भी चीनी भाषा में उपलब्ध है।
Kanishka organized the fourth Buddhist Mahasangiti of the Sarvastivada tradition under the chairmanship of the famous Buddhist scholar Vasumitra at Kundal Van Vihar, Srinagar, with the aim of putting together the various books of Sarvastivism and the ideas spread here and there. In which three major texts of totalitarianism were written. One of these "Maha Vibhas Shastra" is still available in Chinese language.
Kanishka organized the fourth Buddhist Mahasangiti of the Sarvastivada tradition under the chairmanship of the famous Buddhist scholar Vasumitra at Kundal Van Vihar, Srinagar, with the aim of putting together the various books of Sarvastivism and the ideas spread here and there. In which three major texts of totalitarianism were written. One of these "Maha Vibhas Shastra" is still available in Chinese language.
कश्मीर के इतिहास में कनिष्क के बाद मिहिरकुल जो साकल (आज का सियालकोट) का हूण राजा था। उसे मालवा के राजा यशोवर्मन और मगध के राजा बालादित्य से मिली पराजय के बाद कश्मीर में शरण ली।
In the history of Kashmir after Kanishka, Mihirkul who was the Hun king of Sakal (today's Sialkot). He took refuge in Kashmir after the defeat of King Yashovarman of Malwa and King Baladitya of Magadha.
In the history of Kashmir after Kanishka, Mihirkul who was the Hun king of Sakal (today's Sialkot). He took refuge in Kashmir after the defeat of King Yashovarman of Malwa and King Baladitya of Magadha.
उसकी क्रूरता के कारण कल्हण ने उसे हिंसक म्लेच्छ, यमराज के समतुल्य और ज़िंदा बेताल कहा है जिसके आने का पता उसके आगे आगे चलते कौओं और गिद्धों से चलता था। इसका अंदाज़ एक घटना से लगाया जा सकता है जिसमें एक "युद्ध से लौटते हुए पीर पंजाल दर्रे के पास जब उसकी सेना का एक हाथी खाई में गिर गया तो हाथी की करुण पुकार सुनकर मिहिरकुल को इतना रोमांच हुआ कि उसने एक के बाद एक सौ हाथियों को खाई में गिरवा दिया।"
Due to his cruelty, Kalhan has called him a violent mlechch, the equivalent of Yamaraja and a living betal whose arrival was known by the ravens and vultures. This can be gauged from an incident in which an elephant of his army fell into a ditch near the Pir Panjal Pass while returning from a war, Mihirkul was so thrilled to hear the elephant's compassion that he gave one hundred elephants after another. Got it down in the ditch. "
Due to his cruelty, Kalhan has called him a violent mlechch, the equivalent of Yamaraja and a living betal whose arrival was known by the ravens and vultures. This can be gauged from an incident in which an elephant of his army fell into a ditch near the Pir Panjal Pass while returning from a war, Mihirkul was so thrilled to hear the elephant's compassion that he gave one hundred elephants after another. Got it down in the ditch. "
कश्मीर का एक और प्रतापी राजा कार्कोट वंश का ललितादित्य मुक्तपीड़ (724-761) था। जिसके राज्य को “कश्मीर में स्वर्ण युग” कहा जाता हैं। वह बेहद कुशल और सहिष्णु प्रशासक था जिसके कारण उसके राज्यकाल को “कश्मीरी बौद्ध युग का स्वर्ण काल” कहा जाता हैं।
Another glorious king of Kashmir was Lalitaditya Muktpeed (724-761) of the Karkot dynasty. Whose kingdom is called Golden Age in Kashmir. He was a highly skilled and tolerant administrator, due to which his reign is called the Golden Age of Kashmiri Buddhist Age.
Another glorious king of Kashmir was Lalitaditya Muktpeed (724-761) of the Karkot dynasty. Whose kingdom is called Golden Age in Kashmir. He was a highly skilled and tolerant administrator, due to which his reign is called the Golden Age of Kashmiri Buddhist Age.
उसकी सेना के सेनापति और कई प्रमुख मंत्री बौद्ध थे. चाहे कोई भी युग रहा हो, धार्मिक सहिष्णुता हमेशा राज्य की शान्ति, समृद्धि और खुशहाली के मूल में रही है. उसकी मृत्यु के बाद कार्कोट वंश का पतन शुरू हो गया. राजा की उपपत्नी और भतीजे आदि के बीच चले सत्ता संघर्ष में यह वंश समाप्त हो गया।
The commander of his army and several prominent ministers were Buddhists. No matter what the era has been religious tolerance has always been at the core of the peace, prosperity and prosperity of the state. After his death, the downfall of the Karkot dynasty began. This dynasty ended in the power struggle between the king's concubine and nephew.
The commander of his army and several prominent ministers were Buddhists. No matter what the era has been religious tolerance has always been at the core of the peace, prosperity and prosperity of the state. After his death, the downfall of the Karkot dynasty began. This dynasty ended in the power struggle between the king's concubine and nephew.
आर्टिकल 370 के बारे में भी कोई लेख आना चाहिये।
ReplyDeleteVery nice.
ReplyDeleteOk
ReplyDeleteवाराणसी की महिमा ही ऐसा हैं।
ReplyDeleteAjab gajab kashi.
ReplyDeleteKashmir bharat ka mahatvpurn ang hai.
ReplyDeleteVery nice.
ReplyDeleteGood.
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